Celebratio Mathematica — Freedman

Topology in dImension 4

Works connected to Zhenghan Wang

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article M. H. Freedman and Z. Wang: “\( \mathbf{C}P^ 2 \)-stable theory,” Math. Res. Lett. 1 : 1 (1994), pp. 45–48. MR 1258488 Zbl 0849.57016

article M. H. Freedman, A. Kitaev, C. Nayak, J. K. Slingerland, K. Walker, and Z. Wang: “Universal manifold pairings and positivity,” Geom. Topol. 9 (2005), pp. 2303–2317. MR 2209373 Zbl 1129.57035 ArXiv math/0503054

Gluing two manifolds \( M_1 \) and \( M_2 \) with a common boundary \( S \) yields a closed manifold \( M \). Extending to formal linear combinations \( x = \sum a_iM_i \) yields a sesquilinear pairing \( p = \langle\,\cdot\,,\cdot\,\rangle \) with values in (formal linear combinations of) closed manifolds. Topological quantum field theory (TQFT) represents this universal pairing \( p \) onto a finite dimensional quotient pairing \( q \) with values in \( \mathbb{C} \) which in physically motivated cases is positive definite. To see if such a “unitary” TQFT can potentially detect any nontrivial \( x \), we ask if \( \langle x,x\rangle\neq 0 \) whenever \( x\neq 0 \). If this is the case, we call the pairing \( p \) positive. The question arises for each dimension \( d = 0,1,2,\dots\, \) We find \( p(d) \) positive for \( d = 0,1 \), and 2 and not positive for \( d = 4 \). We conjecture that \( p(3) \) is also positive. Similar questions may be phrased for (manifold, submanifold) pairs and manifolds with other additional structure. The results in dimension 4 imply that unitary TQFTs cannot distinguish homotopy equivalent simply connected 4-manifolds, nor can they distinguish smoothly \( s \)-cobordant 4-manifolds. This may illuminate the difficulties that have been met by several authors in their attempts to formulate unitary TQFTs for \( d = 3 + 1 \). There is a further physical implication of this paper. Whereas 3-dimensional Chern–Simons theory appears to be well-encoded within 2-dimensional quantum physics, e.g. in the fractional quantum Hall effect, Donaldson–Seiberg–Witten theory cannot be captured by a 3-dimensional quantum system. The positivity of the physical Hilbert spaces means they cannot see null vectors of the universal pairing; such vectors must map to zero.

Zhenghan Wang	Related
Johannes K. Slingerland	Related
Kevin Walker	Related
Chetan Nayak	Related
Alexei Kitaev	Related